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It is precisely because of this characteristic feature of glucagon that 60-85% of oncologist's patients already at the first visit during the examination reveal metastases (usually tumor cells spread to bone and liver tissue).

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    Due to such early metastasis, the approximate survival of patients with such a tumor from the moment of the first visit to a specialist is about 5-15 years. Glucagonoma develops from A-cells located predominantly in the tail of the pancreas. So far, scientists have not been able to determine the exact causes of the rise in glucagon. According to the observations of specialists, such formations are often detected in patients suffering from the syndrome of multiple neuroendocrine tumors.

  • Due to the fact that glucagonoma produces glucagon in excess for the normal functioning of the body, the patient develops.
    According to the observations of specialists, many patients with such an education first come to see a dermatologist with complaints of skin problems. In this regard, it is often the doctors of this specialization who first diagnose glucagonoma. The occurrence of skin symptoms of such a neoplasm is associated with a metabolic disorder, which is provoked by an excess amount of glucagon in the body.


  • It is noteworthy that with such a symptom complex, the patient can detect both malignant and benign formations growing at once on several endocrine glands (including the pancreas). Manifestations of necrolytic migratory erythema occur cyclically. As a rule, the duration of one such cycle is from 7 to 14 days. A rash with glucagonoma looks like this.


  • In some cases, the rash can become secondarily infected and then the patient develops signs of abscesses. After their cleansing and healing, deeper areas of necrosis remain on the skin. A characteristic feature of glucagonoma is the complete absence of any synchronism in the occurrence and maturation of the elements of the rash - it is polymorphic. At the same time, spots, papular elements, vesicles, erosions, and scales may be present on the patient's body. According to the observations of experts, rashes with necrolytic migratory erythema are more often located on the skin.


  • In addition to lesions of the skin, patients show signs of damage to the mucous membranes. At the same time, patients often come to the dentist and complain to the doctor about the following diseases. A characteristic manifestation for glucagonoma is the development of glossitis. When the tongue is affected, the patient has the following symptoms.


  • Experts note another important for diglucagonoma agnostics feature - all manifestations of lesions of the skin and mucous membranes are difficult to treat (including treatment with glucocorticosteroids). This feature helps doctors to suspect the development of a tumor and assign the patient the necessary studies to detect a neoplasm - CT scan of the abdominal organs or ultrasound of the pancreas.


  • In addition to the above-described lesions of the mucous membranes and skin, patients with glucagonoma have symptoms of diabetes mellitus. In 75% of patients, it proceeds in a mild form, and diet is sufficient to eliminate hyperglycemia. Only 25% of patients have to take insulin, the dose of the administered drug usually does not exceed 40 IU.

In addition to lesions of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, sometimes patients can be detected. With glucagonoma, the manifestations of diabetes mellitus are not expressed in development. This distinctive feature allows doctors to suspect the presence of a tumor formation in the tissues of the pancreas.

Patients usually have a normal appetite, but weight is reduced. In 20% of cases, patients complain of the appearance of periodic diarrhea of varying severity, and in 10% of cases, signs of thromboembolism and thrombosis are found.

Blood tests of patients with glucagonoma reveal not only signs of hyperglycemia, but also manifestations of normochromic anemia. This deviation is accompanied by the following symptoms. If the glucagonoma gives metastases, then the patient has signs of tumor damage to one or another organ. The level of glucagon in the blood of a patient with glucagonoma is significantly higher than normal.

Based on the study of complaints and examination of the patient, the doctor can only suspect the development of glucagonoma. To confirm the diagnosis, the patient is assigned a comprehensive examination, including laboratory and instrumental diagnostics. In blood tests with glucagonoma, the following deviations from the norm are revealed. If questionable results are obtained, laboratory diagnosis is supplemented by tests with arginine, tolbutamide, or somatostatin analogues.

That is why the diagnosis of the neoplasm considered within the framework of this article is supplemented by the following methods of instrumental examination. Instrumental physicians can detect a tumor in the tissues of the pancreas, the diameter of which can vary from 3 to 10 (sometimes more) centimeters. In addition to the above methods, in order to obtain a more detailed clinical picture, the doctor may prescribe an execution. These methods of examination make it possible to determine both primary and secondary foci. Glucagon metastases are detected using these diagnostic techniques. To exclude errors, differential diagnosis with glucagon is performed with the following diseases.